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Overview
The spread of COVID-19 across the world through this year had a dramatic impact on everyday life for many people as governments imposed restrictions on their citizens to limit the rate of virus transmission.
While the restrictions varied in their length (from a few weeks to several months) and their severity (from mild to draconian), there is no doubt that they have been a catalyst for a fundamental change in the way individuals and businesses operate.
Many of these will be only temporary, such as restrictions on travel (both domestic and international) and capacity limitations in industries which are dependent on face to face interactions, such as hospitality.
A number of these, however, will likely be more permanent in nature. Some will be changes that are simply an acceleration of trends that have been occurring over time, or the emergence of new trends. In this section we discuss three of these structural trends.
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Work From Home
Overnight in March, many companies were forced to abruptly implement emergency work from home procedures. The large-scale exercise proved to be much more successful than many would have anticipated, with the adaption of new technologies allowing businesses to continue operating with minimal disruption and little change in productivity. This raises the obvious question of whether this has caused a more permanent change.
While it is likely that most employees will return to the offices around the world when safety permits, some companies (particularly in the tech industry) have made the transition permanent. For many, however, a hybrid or flexible model may become the norm, whereby employees split their time between the office and home.
So, what are the outcomes of this change? Reduced demand for city office space, a lower premium for real estate located close to work hubs, less traffic and use of public transport in peak hours and bigger houses to accommodate home offices are all likely developments. Business travel also faces an uncertain outlook. Many business meetings and conferences are now being successfully conducted online and hence companies will be reluctant to reinstate pre-crisis travel budgets.
From the equity market’s point of view, the one conclusion that can be drawn is that the changes favour big tech. With demand for many of big tech’s services soaring through the crisis, it has further entrenched their respective market positions at the expense of older industries.
Growth in Market Capitlisation in 2020 (US$bn)
Source: Bloomberg
In 2020, the big five tech stocks in the S&P 500 added US$2.4tr to their combined market capitalisation; the residual 495 stocks in the benchmark grew by an aggregate US$1.7tr.
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The Rise of Ecommerce and the Demise of Bricks and Mortar Retail
Bricks and mortar retailers have been among the biggest losers of the COVID-19 crisis. Crossing all the boxes of COVID-19 transmission risk factors – non-essential, face to face services and indoors – widespread closure of shops has been a common enforcement measure across the world. With shops closed, online was the only channel that remained open which led to a spike in digital shopping.
Additionally, with many other services industries shut down, much of this budgeted spend was directed to goods and products sold online. Further, while spending typically dips during a recession, unprecedented fiscal stimulus countered this typical pattern.
A report by IBM on US retail has concluded that COVID-19 has accelerated the trend from bricks and mortar to online by almost five years.
The crisis period has undoubtedly introduced new consumers to the channel who had previously resisted the trend or who may have been uncomfortable buying online. Shops have eventually reopened and online cannot replicate the physical instore experience. However, the permanent transition of sales from one channel to the other will hurt bricks and mortar retailers who had operated at the margin.
Online Retail Sales vs ABS Retail Sales (annualised growth)
Source: NAB, ABS
Online retail sales growth jumped as lockdowns were initiated in Australia,
with sales growth still tracking at around 60% year on year. -
Diversification of Supply Chains
One of the more immediate impacts triggered by the COVID-19 crisis was the abrupt disruption to supply chains worldwide, exposing numerous vulnerabilities.
Sharp changes in demand and multiple links of supply broke down. Factory capacities were reduced while border closures led to delays in transportation. The rise of ‘just in time’ supply chain management (where inventory is ordered on an as needs basis) over several decades further exacerbated the problem.
There are two likely changes that may occur in response to this shock. Firstly, companies will seek to diversify their supply sources further, reducing the risk of concentration from any country or region. Secondly, economic nationalism, already growing due to the numerous trade wars that have arisen in recent years, will gain further traction, with broader implications for the longer term growth in international trade.
